Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia and its Surgical Management
Keywords:
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia,, root entry zone,, posterior fossa,, pain syndrome.Abstract
Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the surgical management of Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia.
Materials and Methods: It a retrospective study of seven (7) cases of Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia who were surgically managed at Department of Neurosurgery Quaid-e-Azam Medical College / Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. It is retrospective study with study period of eight (8) years from January 2003 to December 2010 with follow up period of two years.
Results: Four (4) were female and three (3) were male patients. Age range was 40 to 60 years with average age of 45 years. In all the patients except one, IX nerve sectioning alongwith sectioning of upper rootlets of X nerve was performed in the posterior fossa through retrosigmoid approach. In one patient, Microvascular Decom-pression was performed for the pain syndrome. There was recurrence of same pain in that patient after six months of surgery. Second surgery was done in that patient to section the IX nerve only in the posterior fossa. All cases were that of “IDIOPATHIC GLOSSOPHRYNGEAL NEURALGIA”. In all the patients there was satisfactory re-lief of pain after surgery with no significant complications related to the procedure.
Conclusion: So the sectioning of The Glossophryngeal Nerve is a useful procedure for the relief of this pain syndrome. Another good alternative is Microvascular Decompression of this nerve at root entry zone in the pos-terior fossa.
References
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2. Arbit E, Krol G: Percutaneous radiofrequency neuro-lysis guided by computed tomography for the treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Neurosurgery 1991; 29: 580–582.
3. Barbash GI, Keren G, Korczyn AD, Sharpless NS, Cha-yen M, Copperman Y, et al.: Mechanisms of syncope in glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 1986; 63: 231–235.
4. Barrow DL: Surgery of the Cranial Nerves of the Poste-rior Fossa New York, Thieme, 1993.
5. Bohm E, Strang RR: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Brain 1962; 85: 371–388.
6. Bruyn GW: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Cephalalgia 1983; 3: 143–157.
7. Ceylan S, Karaku? A, Duru S, Baykal S, Koca O: Glos-sopharyngeal neuralgia: a study of 6 cases. Neurosurg Rev, 1997; 20: 196–200.
8. Chawla JC, Falconer MA: Glossopharyngeal and vagal neuralgia. BMJ, 1967; 3: 529–531.
9. Dandy WE: Concerning the cause of trigeminal neural-gia. Am J Surg, 1934; 24: 447–455.
10. Dandy WE: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (tic dolore-aux). Its diagnosis and treatment. Arch Surg, 1927; 15: 198–214.
11. De Simone R, Ranieri A, Bilo L, Fiorillo C, Bonavita V: Cranial neuralgias: from physiopathology to phar-macological treatment. Neurol Sci, 2008; 29: Suppl 1S69–S78.
12. Esaki T, Osada H, Nakao Y, Yamamoto T, Maeda M, Miyazaki T, et al.: Surgical management for glosso-pharyngeal neuralgia associated with cardiac syncope: two case reports. Br J Neurosurg, 2007; 21: 599–602.
13. Evans RW, Torelli P, Manzoni GC: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Headache, 2006; 46: 1200–1202.
14. Ferrante L, Artico M, Nardacci B, Fraioli B, Cosentino F, Fortuna A: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia with cardiac syncope. Neurosurgery, 1995; 36: 58–63.
15. Ferroli P, Fioravanti A, Schiariti M, Tringali G, Fran-zini A, Calbucci F, et al.: Microvascular decompression for glossopharyngeal neuralgia: a long-term retrospec-tive review of the Milan – Bologna experience in 31 consecutive cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 2009; 151: 1245–1250.
16. Fraioli B, Esposito V, Ferrante L, Trubiani L, Lunardi P: Microsurgical treatment of glossopharyngeal neural-gia: case reports. Neurosurgery 1989; 25: 630–632.
17. Gaul C, Hastreiter P, Duncker A, Naraghi R: Diagnosis and neurosurgical treatment of glossopharyngeal neu-ralgia: clinical findings and 3-D visualization of neuro-vascular compression in 19 consecutive patients. J Hea-dache Pain, 2011; 12: 527–534.
18. Giorgi C, Broggi G: Surgical treatment of glossopha-ryngeal neuralgia and pain from cancer of the nasopha-rynx. A 20 – year experience. J Neurosurg, 1984; 61: 952–955.
19. Harries AM, Dong CCJ, Honey CR: Use of endotra-cheal tube electrodes in treating glossopharyngeal neu-ralgia: technical note. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg, 2012; 90: 141–144.
20. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the Interna-tional Headache Society: The International Classificat-ion of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia 24 Suppl, 2004; 1: 9–160.
21. Isamat F, Ferrán E, Acebes JJ: Selective percutaneous thermocoagulation rhizotomy in essential glossopharyn-geal neuralgia. J Neurosurg, 1981; 55: 575–580.
22. Jannetta PJ: Arterial compression of the trigeminal ner-ve at the pons in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg 1967; 26: 1 Suppl, 159–162.
23. Jannetta PJ: Microsurgery of cranial nerve cross-com-pression. Clin Neurosurg, 1979; 26: 607–615.
24. Jannetta PJ: Neurovascular compression in cranial ner-ve and systemic disease. Ann Surg, 1980; 192: 518–525.
25. Jannetta PJ: Observations on the etiology of trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, acoustic nerve dysfunction and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Definitive microsurgi-cal treatment and results in 117 patients. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg), 1977; 20: 145–154.
26. Kandan SR, Khan S, Jeyaretna DS, Lhatoo S, Patel NK, Coakham HB: Neuralgia of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves: long-term outcome following surgical tre-atment and literature review. Br J Neurosurg, 2010; 24: 441–446.
27. Kanpolat Y, Kahilogullari G, Ugur HC, Elhan AH: Computed tomography – guided percutaneous trigemi-
nal tractotomy – nucleotomy. Neurosurgery, 2008; 63: ONS147–ONS155.
28. Kanpolat Y, Savas A, Batay F, Sinav A: Computed tomography – guided trigeminal tractotomy – nucleo-tomy in the management of vagoglossopharyngeal and geniculate neuralgias. Neurosurgery, 1998; 43: 484–490.
29. Katusic S, Williams DB, Beard CM, Bergstralh E, Kur-land LT: Incidence and clinical features of glossopha-ryngeal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945–1984. Neuroepidemiology, 1991; 10: 266–275.
30. Kawashima M, Matsushima T, Inoue T, Mineta T, Mas-uoka J, Hirakawa N: Microvascular decompression for glossopharyngeal neuralgia through the transcondylar fossa (supracondylar trans-jugular tubercle) approach. Neurosurgery, Suppl Operative 2010; 66 (6): 275–280.
31. King J: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Clin Exp Neurol, 1987; 24: 113–121.
32. Kitchener JM: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia responding to pre-gabalin. Headache 2006; 46: 1307–1308. (Erra-tum in Headache 2006; 46:1474.
33. Kobata H, Kondo A, Iwasaki K, Nishioka T: Combined hyperactive dysfunction syndrome of the cranial nerves: trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, and glossopha-ryngeal neuralgia: 11–year experience and review. Neu-rosurgery 1998; 43: 1351–1362.
34. Kondo A: Follow-up results of using microvascular de-compression for treatment of glossopharyngeal neural-gia. J Neurosurg 1998; 88: 221–225.
35. Kong Y, Heyman A, Entman ML, McIntosh HD: Glo-ssopharyngeal neuralgia associated with bradycardia, syncope, and seizures. Circulation 1964; 30: 109–113.
36. Koopman JSHA, Dieleman JP, Huygen FJ, de Mos M, Martin CGM, Sturkenboom MCJM: Incidence of facial pain in the general population. Pain 2009; 147: 122–127.
37. Koopman JSHA, Huygen FJ, Dieleman JP, de Mos M, Sturkenboom MCJM: Pharmacological treatment of neuropathic facial pain in the dutch general population. J Pain 2010; 11: 264–272.
38. Kunc Z: Treatment of essential neuralgia of the 9th nerve by selective tractotomy. J Neurosurg 1965; 23: 494–500.
39. Laha RK, Jannetta PJ: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia. J Neurosurg 1977; 47: 316–320.
40. Lazorthes Y, Verdie JC: Radiofrequency coagulation of the petrous ganglion in glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Neurosurgery 1979; 4: 512–516.
41. Love JG: Diagnosis and surgical treatment of glosso-pharyngeal neuralgia. Surg Clin North Am 1944; 24: 959–962.
42. Luef G, Poewe W: Oxcarbazepine in glossopharyngeal neuralgia: clinical response and effect on serum lipids. Neurology 2004; 63: 2447–2448.
43. Mairs AP, Stewart TJ: Surgical treatment of glossopha-ryngeal neuralgia via the pharyngeal approach. J Laryn-gol Otol 1990; 104: 12–16.
44. Manzoni GC, Torelli P: Epidemiology of typical and atypical craniofacial neuralgias. Neurol Sci 2005; 26: Suppl 2s65–s67.
45. Matsushima T, Goto Y, Natori Y, Matsukado K, Fukui M: Surgical treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia as vascular compression syndrome via transcondylar fossa (supracondylar transjugular tubercle) approach. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2000; 142: 1359–1363.
46. Michelucci R, Tassinari CA, Samoggia G, Tognetti F, Calbucci F: Intracranial microvascular decompression for ?cryptogenic? hemifacial spasm, trigeminal and glo-ssopharyngeal neuralgia, paroxysmal vertigo and tinni-tus: II. Clinical study and long-term follow up. Ital J Neurol Sci 1986; 7: 367–374.
47. Patel A, Kassam A, Horowitz M, Chang YF: Microvas-cular decompression in the management of glossopha-ryngeal neuralgia: analysis of 217 cases. Neurosurgery 2002; 50: 705–711.
48. Pollock BE, Boes CJ: Stereotactic radiosurgery for glo-ssopharyngeal neuralgia: preliminary report of 5 cases. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 2011; 115: 936–939.
49. Reddy K, Hobson DE, Gomori A, Sutherland GR: Pain-less glossopharyngeal ?neuralgia? with syncope: a case report and literature review. Neurosurgery 1987; 21: 916–919.
50. Resnick DK, Jannetta PJ, Bissonnette D, Jho HD, Lan-zino G: Microvascular decompression for glossopha-ryngeal neuralgia. Neurosurgery 1995; 36: 64–69.
51. Ringel RA, Roy EP III: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia: successful treatment with baclofen. Ann Neurol 1987; 21: 514–515.
52. Robson JT, Bonica J: The vagus nerve in surgical con-sideration of glossopharyngeal neuralgia. J Neurosurg 1950; 7: 482–484.
53. Rozen TD: Trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Neurol Clin 2004; 22: 185–206.
54. Rushton JG, Stevens JC, Miller RH: Glossopharyngeal (vagoglossopharyngeal) neuralgia: a study of 217 cases. Arch Neurol 1981; 38: 201–205.
55. Salar G, Ori C, Baratto V, Iob I, Mingrino S: Selective percutaneous thermolesions of the ninth cranial nerve by lateral cervical approach: report of eight cases. Surg Neurol 1983; 20: 276–279.
56. Sampson JH, Grossi PM, Asaoka K, Fukushima T: Mi-crovascular decompression for glossopharyngeal neu-ralgia: long-term effectiveness and complication avoi-dance. Neurosurgery 2004; 54: 884–890.
57. Sicard R, Robineau J: Communications et presentat-ions: Part I—algie vélopharyngée essentielle: traitement
chirugical. Rev Neurol 1920; 36: 256–257.
58. St John JN: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia associated with syncope and seizures. Neurosurgery 1982; 10: 380–383.
59. Stanic S, Franklin SD, Pappas CT, Stern RL: Gamma knife radiosurgery for recurrent glossopharyngeal neu-ralgia after microvascular decompression. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2012; 90: 188–191.
60. Taha JM, Tew JM: Long-term results of surgical treat-ment of idiopathic neuralgias of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves. Neurosurgery 1995; 36: 926–931.
61. Taha JM, Tew JM Jr, Keith RW, Payner TD: Intraope-rative monitoring of the vagus nerve during intracranial glossopharyngeal and upper vagal rhizotomy: technical note. Neurosurgery 1994; 35: 775–777.
62. Tarlov IM: Section of the cephalic third of the vagus – spinal accessory complex: clinical and histological results. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1942; 47: 141–148.
63. Thomson JL: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia accompanied by unconsciousness. J Neurosurg 1954; 11: 511–514.
64. Titlic M, Jukic I, Tonkic A, Grani P, Jukic J: Use of la-motrigine in glossopharyngeal neuralgia: a case report. Headache 2006; 46: 167–169.
65. Tubbs RS, Mortazavi MM, Loukas M, Shoja MM, Co-hen – Gadol AA: Intra-operative and anatomical des-criptions of intracranial connections between the glos-sopharyngeal and vagus nerves: clinical implications. Laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg 2011; 115: 179–181.
66. Uihlein A, Love JG, Corbin KB: Intracranial section of the glossopharyngeal nerve; sensory changes observed postoperatively. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1955; 74: 320–324.
67. Wakiya K, Fukushima T, Miyazaki S: Results of micro-vascular decompression in 16 cases of glossopharyn-geal neuralgia. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1989; 29: 1113–1118, (Japan).
68. Wallin BG, Westerberg CE, Sundlöf G: Syncope indu-ced by glossopharyngeal neuralgia: sympathetic out-flow to muscle. Neurology 1984; 34: 522–524.
69. Xiong NX, Zhao HY, Zhang FC, Liu RE: Vagoglosso-pharyngeal neuralgia treated by microvascular decom-pression and glossopharyngeal rhizotomy: clinical re-sults of 21 cases. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2012; 90: 45–50.
70. Yomo S, Arkha Y, Donnet A, Régis J: Gamma Knife surgery for glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg 2009; 110: 559–563.
71. Yoshioka J, Ueta K, Ohmoto T, Fujiwara T, Tabuchi K: Combined trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Surg Neurol 1985; 24: 416–420.
2. Arbit E, Krol G: Percutaneous radiofrequency neuro-lysis guided by computed tomography for the treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Neurosurgery 1991; 29: 580–582.
3. Barbash GI, Keren G, Korczyn AD, Sharpless NS, Cha-yen M, Copperman Y, et al.: Mechanisms of syncope in glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 1986; 63: 231–235.
4. Barrow DL: Surgery of the Cranial Nerves of the Poste-rior Fossa New York, Thieme, 1993.
5. Bohm E, Strang RR: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Brain 1962; 85: 371–388.
6. Bruyn GW: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Cephalalgia 1983; 3: 143–157.
7. Ceylan S, Karaku? A, Duru S, Baykal S, Koca O: Glos-sopharyngeal neuralgia: a study of 6 cases. Neurosurg Rev, 1997; 20: 196–200.
8. Chawla JC, Falconer MA: Glossopharyngeal and vagal neuralgia. BMJ, 1967; 3: 529–531.
9. Dandy WE: Concerning the cause of trigeminal neural-gia. Am J Surg, 1934; 24: 447–455.
10. Dandy WE: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (tic dolore-aux). Its diagnosis and treatment. Arch Surg, 1927; 15: 198–214.
11. De Simone R, Ranieri A, Bilo L, Fiorillo C, Bonavita V: Cranial neuralgias: from physiopathology to phar-macological treatment. Neurol Sci, 2008; 29: Suppl 1S69–S78.
12. Esaki T, Osada H, Nakao Y, Yamamoto T, Maeda M, Miyazaki T, et al.: Surgical management for glosso-pharyngeal neuralgia associated with cardiac syncope: two case reports. Br J Neurosurg, 2007; 21: 599–602.
13. Evans RW, Torelli P, Manzoni GC: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Headache, 2006; 46: 1200–1202.
14. Ferrante L, Artico M, Nardacci B, Fraioli B, Cosentino F, Fortuna A: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia with cardiac syncope. Neurosurgery, 1995; 36: 58–63.
15. Ferroli P, Fioravanti A, Schiariti M, Tringali G, Fran-zini A, Calbucci F, et al.: Microvascular decompression for glossopharyngeal neuralgia: a long-term retrospec-tive review of the Milan – Bologna experience in 31 consecutive cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 2009; 151: 1245–1250.
16. Fraioli B, Esposito V, Ferrante L, Trubiani L, Lunardi P: Microsurgical treatment of glossopharyngeal neural-gia: case reports. Neurosurgery 1989; 25: 630–632.
17. Gaul C, Hastreiter P, Duncker A, Naraghi R: Diagnosis and neurosurgical treatment of glossopharyngeal neu-ralgia: clinical findings and 3-D visualization of neuro-vascular compression in 19 consecutive patients. J Hea-dache Pain, 2011; 12: 527–534.
18. Giorgi C, Broggi G: Surgical treatment of glossopha-ryngeal neuralgia and pain from cancer of the nasopha-rynx. A 20 – year experience. J Neurosurg, 1984; 61: 952–955.
19. Harries AM, Dong CCJ, Honey CR: Use of endotra-cheal tube electrodes in treating glossopharyngeal neu-ralgia: technical note. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg, 2012; 90: 141–144.
20. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the Interna-tional Headache Society: The International Classificat-ion of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia 24 Suppl, 2004; 1: 9–160.
21. Isamat F, Ferrán E, Acebes JJ: Selective percutaneous thermocoagulation rhizotomy in essential glossopharyn-geal neuralgia. J Neurosurg, 1981; 55: 575–580.
22. Jannetta PJ: Arterial compression of the trigeminal ner-ve at the pons in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg 1967; 26: 1 Suppl, 159–162.
23. Jannetta PJ: Microsurgery of cranial nerve cross-com-pression. Clin Neurosurg, 1979; 26: 607–615.
24. Jannetta PJ: Neurovascular compression in cranial ner-ve and systemic disease. Ann Surg, 1980; 192: 518–525.
25. Jannetta PJ: Observations on the etiology of trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, acoustic nerve dysfunction and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Definitive microsurgi-cal treatment and results in 117 patients. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg), 1977; 20: 145–154.
26. Kandan SR, Khan S, Jeyaretna DS, Lhatoo S, Patel NK, Coakham HB: Neuralgia of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves: long-term outcome following surgical tre-atment and literature review. Br J Neurosurg, 2010; 24: 441–446.
27. Kanpolat Y, Kahilogullari G, Ugur HC, Elhan AH: Computed tomography – guided percutaneous trigemi-
nal tractotomy – nucleotomy. Neurosurgery, 2008; 63: ONS147–ONS155.
28. Kanpolat Y, Savas A, Batay F, Sinav A: Computed tomography – guided trigeminal tractotomy – nucleo-tomy in the management of vagoglossopharyngeal and geniculate neuralgias. Neurosurgery, 1998; 43: 484–490.
29. Katusic S, Williams DB, Beard CM, Bergstralh E, Kur-land LT: Incidence and clinical features of glossopha-ryngeal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945–1984. Neuroepidemiology, 1991; 10: 266–275.
30. Kawashima M, Matsushima T, Inoue T, Mineta T, Mas-uoka J, Hirakawa N: Microvascular decompression for glossopharyngeal neuralgia through the transcondylar fossa (supracondylar trans-jugular tubercle) approach. Neurosurgery, Suppl Operative 2010; 66 (6): 275–280.
31. King J: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Clin Exp Neurol, 1987; 24: 113–121.
32. Kitchener JM: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia responding to pre-gabalin. Headache 2006; 46: 1307–1308. (Erra-tum in Headache 2006; 46:1474.
33. Kobata H, Kondo A, Iwasaki K, Nishioka T: Combined hyperactive dysfunction syndrome of the cranial nerves: trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, and glossopha-ryngeal neuralgia: 11–year experience and review. Neu-rosurgery 1998; 43: 1351–1362.
34. Kondo A: Follow-up results of using microvascular de-compression for treatment of glossopharyngeal neural-gia. J Neurosurg 1998; 88: 221–225.
35. Kong Y, Heyman A, Entman ML, McIntosh HD: Glo-ssopharyngeal neuralgia associated with bradycardia, syncope, and seizures. Circulation 1964; 30: 109–113.
36. Koopman JSHA, Dieleman JP, Huygen FJ, de Mos M, Martin CGM, Sturkenboom MCJM: Incidence of facial pain in the general population. Pain 2009; 147: 122–127.
37. Koopman JSHA, Huygen FJ, Dieleman JP, de Mos M, Sturkenboom MCJM: Pharmacological treatment of neuropathic facial pain in the dutch general population. J Pain 2010; 11: 264–272.
38. Kunc Z: Treatment of essential neuralgia of the 9th nerve by selective tractotomy. J Neurosurg 1965; 23: 494–500.
39. Laha RK, Jannetta PJ: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia. J Neurosurg 1977; 47: 316–320.
40. Lazorthes Y, Verdie JC: Radiofrequency coagulation of the petrous ganglion in glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Neurosurgery 1979; 4: 512–516.
41. Love JG: Diagnosis and surgical treatment of glosso-pharyngeal neuralgia. Surg Clin North Am 1944; 24: 959–962.
42. Luef G, Poewe W: Oxcarbazepine in glossopharyngeal neuralgia: clinical response and effect on serum lipids. Neurology 2004; 63: 2447–2448.
43. Mairs AP, Stewart TJ: Surgical treatment of glossopha-ryngeal neuralgia via the pharyngeal approach. J Laryn-gol Otol 1990; 104: 12–16.
44. Manzoni GC, Torelli P: Epidemiology of typical and atypical craniofacial neuralgias. Neurol Sci 2005; 26: Suppl 2s65–s67.
45. Matsushima T, Goto Y, Natori Y, Matsukado K, Fukui M: Surgical treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia as vascular compression syndrome via transcondylar fossa (supracondylar transjugular tubercle) approach. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2000; 142: 1359–1363.
46. Michelucci R, Tassinari CA, Samoggia G, Tognetti F, Calbucci F: Intracranial microvascular decompression for ?cryptogenic? hemifacial spasm, trigeminal and glo-ssopharyngeal neuralgia, paroxysmal vertigo and tinni-tus: II. Clinical study and long-term follow up. Ital J Neurol Sci 1986; 7: 367–374.
47. Patel A, Kassam A, Horowitz M, Chang YF: Microvas-cular decompression in the management of glossopha-ryngeal neuralgia: analysis of 217 cases. Neurosurgery 2002; 50: 705–711.
48. Pollock BE, Boes CJ: Stereotactic radiosurgery for glo-ssopharyngeal neuralgia: preliminary report of 5 cases. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 2011; 115: 936–939.
49. Reddy K, Hobson DE, Gomori A, Sutherland GR: Pain-less glossopharyngeal ?neuralgia? with syncope: a case report and literature review. Neurosurgery 1987; 21: 916–919.
50. Resnick DK, Jannetta PJ, Bissonnette D, Jho HD, Lan-zino G: Microvascular decompression for glossopha-ryngeal neuralgia. Neurosurgery 1995; 36: 64–69.
51. Ringel RA, Roy EP III: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia: successful treatment with baclofen. Ann Neurol 1987; 21: 514–515.
52. Robson JT, Bonica J: The vagus nerve in surgical con-sideration of glossopharyngeal neuralgia. J Neurosurg 1950; 7: 482–484.
53. Rozen TD: Trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Neurol Clin 2004; 22: 185–206.
54. Rushton JG, Stevens JC, Miller RH: Glossopharyngeal (vagoglossopharyngeal) neuralgia: a study of 217 cases. Arch Neurol 1981; 38: 201–205.
55. Salar G, Ori C, Baratto V, Iob I, Mingrino S: Selective percutaneous thermolesions of the ninth cranial nerve by lateral cervical approach: report of eight cases. Surg Neurol 1983; 20: 276–279.
56. Sampson JH, Grossi PM, Asaoka K, Fukushima T: Mi-crovascular decompression for glossopharyngeal neu-ralgia: long-term effectiveness and complication avoi-dance. Neurosurgery 2004; 54: 884–890.
57. Sicard R, Robineau J: Communications et presentat-ions: Part I—algie vélopharyngée essentielle: traitement
chirugical. Rev Neurol 1920; 36: 256–257.
58. St John JN: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia associated with syncope and seizures. Neurosurgery 1982; 10: 380–383.
59. Stanic S, Franklin SD, Pappas CT, Stern RL: Gamma knife radiosurgery for recurrent glossopharyngeal neu-ralgia after microvascular decompression. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2012; 90: 188–191.
60. Taha JM, Tew JM: Long-term results of surgical treat-ment of idiopathic neuralgias of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves. Neurosurgery 1995; 36: 926–931.
61. Taha JM, Tew JM Jr, Keith RW, Payner TD: Intraope-rative monitoring of the vagus nerve during intracranial glossopharyngeal and upper vagal rhizotomy: technical note. Neurosurgery 1994; 35: 775–777.
62. Tarlov IM: Section of the cephalic third of the vagus – spinal accessory complex: clinical and histological results. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1942; 47: 141–148.
63. Thomson JL: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia accompanied by unconsciousness. J Neurosurg 1954; 11: 511–514.
64. Titlic M, Jukic I, Tonkic A, Grani P, Jukic J: Use of la-motrigine in glossopharyngeal neuralgia: a case report. Headache 2006; 46: 167–169.
65. Tubbs RS, Mortazavi MM, Loukas M, Shoja MM, Co-hen – Gadol AA: Intra-operative and anatomical des-criptions of intracranial connections between the glos-sopharyngeal and vagus nerves: clinical implications. Laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg 2011; 115: 179–181.
66. Uihlein A, Love JG, Corbin KB: Intracranial section of the glossopharyngeal nerve; sensory changes observed postoperatively. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1955; 74: 320–324.
67. Wakiya K, Fukushima T, Miyazaki S: Results of micro-vascular decompression in 16 cases of glossopharyn-geal neuralgia. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1989; 29: 1113–1118, (Japan).
68. Wallin BG, Westerberg CE, Sundlöf G: Syncope indu-ced by glossopharyngeal neuralgia: sympathetic out-flow to muscle. Neurology 1984; 34: 522–524.
69. Xiong NX, Zhao HY, Zhang FC, Liu RE: Vagoglosso-pharyngeal neuralgia treated by microvascular decom-pression and glossopharyngeal rhizotomy: clinical re-sults of 21 cases. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2012; 90: 45–50.
70. Yomo S, Arkha Y, Donnet A, Régis J: Gamma Knife surgery for glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg 2009; 110: 559–563.
71. Yoshioka J, Ueta K, Ohmoto T, Fujiwara T, Tabuchi K: Combined trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Surg Neurol 1985; 24: 416–420.
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